Describe Ethical Issues Faced By American Countries - 825 Words

Research And Describe Ethical Issues Faced By American Countries (Coursework Sample) Content: Ethical Issues Faced by American CompaniesNameCourse TitleInstitutionThe top ethical dilemma faced by American businesses in the international arena is that of corruption. In the foreign countries particularly across the developing nations, it remains much healthy to engage and paying certain amounts to governmental officials in ensuring that they help the company acquire some form of business within the country. In these international arenas, the governmental payments stand to be an indivisible characteristic of successful businesses (Mahdavi, 2009). A large number of multinational companies from other countries have gone ahead in applying these practices defined under the American laws as bribes. With such, they seem to motivate the local government officials into giving then such opportunities and not to their competitors who may not be able to put such into practice. The American businesses are prohibited from taking part in such, but the need of such might arise with the need also to win businesses in competing with other firms.However, Under the FCPA provisions, bribing to influence a foreign official in his or her official capacity, making them violate their mandate is unlawful. This can be identified by operating a business illegally or obtaining advantages over others. Such as outlined are prohibited for any US firm under the FCPA law. A key example case involved Lockheed in it the business of constructing aircraft faced such a situation on the Japanese market (Darrough, 2010). Despite getting the much need business through the payments made to the Japanese prime minister, the company faced investigation for the contravention of the FCPA law (Darrough, 2010). If the issue were domestic, the situation would have been much different given each company setting up operations in America would be under similar legal requirements and such payment would be illegal thus leveling the playing field for all.Expanding into the global context may mu ch change the analysis given that the issues of ethics shift from place to place. However, American companies expanding into the global context must always remain subject to the American ethical standards. On evaluations, whether values should be considered universally or regarding specific practices within a country, paying attention to the global economy, comprehensive and universal ...

Social Sciences Research On Theories Of Human Learning - 550 Words

Social Sciences Research On Theories Of Human Learning (Essay Sample) Content: Theories of Human LearningAuthorAuthor AffiliationSocial learning theoryThis is also referred to as observational learning which is a kind of cognitive learning whereby, the new responses are acquired after witnessing a certain behavior and the results of the very behavior (Schunk and Zimmerman 2012). This theory indicates that one can learn in absence of reinforcements but rather on their own desire to learn. The research learning theory was formulated by Wolfgang Kohler while stranded on the island and performed his experiments with chimpanzees during World War 1. He observed that chimpanzees could easily solve complex problems through insight learning (Kattari, 2015). This type of learning is a unique form of cognitive learning where problem-solving skills are developed through spontaneous reorganization of the perceptions. The chimpanzee could use boxes to access fruits that were placed high in the cage while for the fruits beyond its reach it could use sticks. T he chimpanzee could not get the fruits due to the fall in the trial and error. Before the chimpanzee could give up on the fruit, he resorted to using a box after learning that the box could be used to get to the fruit. This allowed the chimpanzee to get to the fruit to the very end.Further research on test learning was performed by Edward Tolman using rats. He proved that rats could easily interpret a maze and find an easy route through mental presentations which are known as cognitive maps (O'Connor et al., 2013). Moreover, he found out that animals learn a concept and not just a mere behavior. They found the way not through reinforcements but rather through learning on their own. Both the rats and chimpanzees learned through their own volition and not reinforcements because of the reward for their learning.Classical conditioning theoryClassical conditioning refers to the pairing of the two stimuli in a way that one stimulus induce the other (Funder, 2015). For instance, when one s ignal is sent to the brain the second stimuli is automatically induced. This can be proved by the works of Ivan Pavlovs experiment with the dogs. In his experiment, Pavlov rang the bell first all the time he fed the dogs. He did this repeatedly and consistently for a long period of time. This resulted in the conditioning of the brain of the dogs to start salivating in anticipation of the food all the time they heard the bells ring. The dogs could then salivate all the time the bell rang regardless of whether there was food or not.Furthermore, Ivan Pavlov and his team did research to unearth the process of digestion in animals by accurately measuring the amount of saliva all the time they offered them food. This research helped understand that animals and human beings learn in a similar manner (Baldwin, 2016). He noted that the salivation of the dogs during feeding in a controlled setting was an involuntary reaction that was developed after repeated ringing of the bells. This indica tes that animals and humans have a t...